Bibliographies: 'Fabric Roofs' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

Among all of the internal fabric and external enclosure components of buildings, sloped roofs and adjacent attics are often the most dynamic areas. Roofs are exposed to high temperature fluctuations and intense solar radiation that are subject to seasonal changes in climatic conditions. Following the currently rising interests in demand-side management, building energy dynamics, and the thermal response characteristics of building components, this paper contains unpublished results from past studies that focused on innovative roof and attic configurations. The authors share unique design strategies that yield significant reduction of daytime roof peak temperatures, thermal-load shavings, and up to a ten-hour shift of the peak load period. Furthermore, advance configurations of the roofs and attics that are discussed in this paper enable over 90% reductions in roof-generated peak-hour cooling loads and sometimes close to 50% reductions in overall roof-generated cooling loads as compared with traditionally constructed roofs with the same or similar levels of thermal insulation. It is expected that the proposed new roof design schemes could support the effective management of dynamic energy demand in future buildings.

Abstract:

The urban fabric largely consists of acoustically rigid materials. This not only affects sound pressure levels in streets, but also how sound propagates towards the back side of a building or to connected urban canyons. A green roof is a practical solution to have roof absorption, mitigating diffracting sound waves. Flat green roofs were shown to provide roughly 3 dBA urban road traffic noise reduction relative to a common flat rigid roof. Although already relevant, it has been numerically studied in this work how the green roof insertion loss of flat roofs can be further increased. Solar panels on green roofs were found to significantly decrease sound pressure levels at the shielded building facade, up to 5 dBA on top of the insertion loss of granular substrates. Polyurethane foam slabs as green roof substrates provide relevant shielding when placed on a series of hollow trapezium-like cores of sufficient height.

Abstract:

The effectiveness and shortcomings of the "green" roof in the management of rainwater in the urban environment are analyzed. The scheme of the construction of a typical "green" roof and its classification in terms of types are shown. The proposal to increase the efficiency of stormwater management with the help of "green" roofs, through their integration with other systems, that is, the creation and implementation of "hybrid green roofs" (Hybrid Green Roofs), is substantiated. The possibility of a "blue" roof as a rainwater management technology without vegetation, which allows for effective retention of rainwater, is analyzed. The design scheme and principle of operation of the "green-blue" roof are given, and a comparative analysis of its effectiveness in stormwater management with traditional and "green" roofs is made. The results of research are presented, which showed that the measured runoff of rainwater from a "blue" roof is about 0.45 dm3/s compared to a regular roof with a runoff volume of 1.55 dm3/s. On the other hand, the runoff from the "green-blue" roof is about 0.1 dm3/s, compared to the control roof (0.3 dm3/s). It is substantiated that a "green-blue" roof is more effective in retaining rain runoff during long-term precipitation than a "blue" roof. However, both options can be applied to urban buildings as effective methods of managing stormwater runoff in urban areas. The scheme of construction and the principle of operation of the "purple" roof is given - as a type of roof that includes a spongy layer of hydrophilic mineral wool, a dense layer of polyester fabric, and can include an additional cellular layer to increase the amount of rainwater that can be retained, thereby reducing peak flow up to 95%. The results of the study are presented, which confirm the technical feasibility of the "purple" roof technology in terms of slowing down the flow and reducing the volume of storm water during rainfall of various intensities. A "Purple" roof, based on the concept of "storage", is conceptually and technically different from a "green" roof and can effectively delay peak rainfall, thereby reducing the pressure on the local stormwater management system. Unlike a "green-blue" roof, a "purple" roof is passive in nature - water flows off without any mechanical drainage points to divert the water. A diagram characterizing the degree of retention of rainwater, depending on the intensity of precipitation, by different types of roofs is presented. The authors proposed a comparative analysis of rainwater runoff management using traditional roofs, "green" roofs, and roofs modified with other "green" roof systems.

Abstract:

Abstract. Accelerated urban growth has affected many of the planet's natural processes. In cities, most of the surface is covered with asphalt and cement, which has changed the water and air cycles. To restore the balance of urban ecosystems, cities must find the means to create green spaces in an increasingly gray world. Green spaces provide the city and its inhabitants a better living environment. This article uses Nador city as a case study area, this project consists in studying the possibility for the roofs to receive vegetation. The first axis of this project is the quantification of the current vegetation cover at ground level by calculating the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based on Satellite images Landsat 8, then the classification of the LiDAR point cloud, and the generation of a digital surface model (DSM) of the urban area. This type of derived data was used as the basis for the various stages of estimating the potential plant cover at the roof level. In order to study the different possible scenarios, a set of criteria was applied, such as the minimum roof area, the inclination and the duration of the sunshine on the roof, which is calculated using the linear model of angstrom Prescott based on solar radiation. The study shows that in the most conservative scenario, 21771 suitable buildings that had to be redeveloped into green roofs, with an appropriate surface area of 369.26Ha allowing a 63,40% increase in the city's green space by compared to the current state contributing to the improvement of the quality of life and urban comfort. The average budget for the installation of green roofs in a building with a surface area of 100 m2 varies between 60000dh and 170000dh depending on the type of green roofs used, extensive or intensive. These results would enable planners and researchers in green architecture sciences to carry out more detailed planning analyzes.

Abstract:

Two types of prestressed cladding elements for the long span cable roofs were investigated. The first considered type of prestressed cladding element was pneumatic and formed by the generally woven by the basket weave fabric from the Vectra (LCP) yarns, which is covered by the PoliTetraFluoroEthylene (PTFE) copolymer foil, and compliant contour, consisting from the several glued together layers of the mentioned covered fabric. The second considered type of prestressed cladding element was formed by the steel cables steel pipes and the same type of covered fabric as the first type. Rational from the point of view of materials consumption heights and levels of prestressing for two considered types of cladding elements were evaluated.

Abstract:

This research deals with the issue of the recovery of the historic urban fabric with a view towards ecological transition, nowadays considered the preferable direction of sustainability for the reform of the house–city–landscape system. The massive incentives provided by the Italian government for sustainable building, in view of the post-pandemic economic recovery, risk being reduced to mere support for the real estate sector, which turns the financial transfer from the public into an increase in asset value for the private sector. Such an incentive system could contradict the original function of the city, which is to be the privileged place for social communication and the creation of the identity of settled communities. A process of property development that disregards the distribution of income favors the most valuable property, thus increasing the socioeconomic distance between centrality and marginality. The latter is a condition that often characterizes the parts of the historic city affected by extensive phenomena of physical and functional obsolescence of the built heritage, and it is less capable of attracting public funding. The increase of building decay and social filtering-down accelerates the loss and involution of neighborhood identities; the latter constitutes the psycho-social energy that helps preserve the physical, functional and anthropological integrity of the city, due to the differences that make its parts recognizable. This study, with reference to a neighborhood in the historic city of Syracuse (Italy), proposes a model of analysis, evaluation and planning of interventions on the buildings’ roofs, aimed at defining the best strategy for ecological–environmental regeneration. The model presented allows one to generate a multiplicity of alternative strategies that combine different uses of roofs: from the most sustainable green roofs, but that are less cost-effective from the identity and landscape point of view; to the most efficient photovoltaic roofs from the energy–environmental point of view; and up to the most cost-effective ones, the vertical extensions with an increase in building volume. The proposed tool is an inter-scalar multidimensional valuation model that connects the multiple eco-socio-systemic attitudes of individual buildings to the landscape, identity, energy–environmental and economic overall dimensions of the urban fabric and allows one to define and compare multiple alternative recovery hypotheses, evaluating their potential impacts on the built environment. The model allows the formation of 100 different strategies, which are internally coherent and differently satisfy the above four perspectives, and it provides the preferable ones for each of the five approaches practiced. The best strategy characterizes most green roofs, 427 out of 1075 building units, 277 blue roofs, 121 green–blue roofs and 46 grey roofs.

Abstract:

The United Nations have identified climate change as the greatest threat to human life. As current research shows, urban areas are more vulnerable to climate change than rural areas. Numerous people are affected by climate change in their daily life, health and well-being. The need to react is undisputed and has led to numerous guidelines and directives for urban climate adaptation. Plants are commonly mentioned and recommended as one key to urban climate adaptation. Due to shading of open space and building surfaces, as well as evapotranspiration, plants reduce the energy load on the urban fabric and increase thermal comfort and climate resilience amongst many other ecosystem services. Plants, therefore, are described as green infrastructure (GI), because of the beneficial effects they provide. Extensive green roofs are often discussed regarding their impact on thermal comfort for pedestrians and physical properties of buildings. By means of Stadslab2050 project Elief Playhouse in Antwerp, Belgium, a single-story building in the courtyard of a perimeter block, the effects of different extensive green roof designs (A and B) on the microclimate, human comfort at ground and roof level, as well as building physics are analyzed and compared to the actual roofing (bitumen membrane) as the Status Quo variant. For the analyses and evaluation of the different designs the innovative Green Performance Assessment System (GREENPASS®) method has been chosen. The planning tool combines spatial and volumetric analyses with complex 3D microclimate simulations to calculate key performance indicators such as thermal comfort score, thermal storage score, thermal load score, run-off and carbon sequestration. Complementary maps and graphs are compiled. Overall, the chosen method allows to understand, compare and optimize project designs and performance. The results for the Elief Playhouse show that the implementation of green roofs serves a slight contribution to the urban energy balance but a huge impact on the building and humans. Variant B with entire greening performs better in all considered indicators, than the less greened design Variant A and the actual Status Quo. Variant B will probably bring a greater cost/benefit than Variant A and is thus recommended.

Abstract:

Teresina-Timon conurbation (TTC) area is an example of urban agglomeration, situated in the semiarid environment of the northeast region of Brazil, which has shown an accelerated process of urban development over the last four decades (1985–2019). In this study, we developed a semi-automatic urban land mapping framework at the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to (a) evaluate spatiotemporal sprawl of the TTC area (1985–2018); and (b) quantify current urban fabric structures of TTC area (2019). The main empirical results demonstrate that the use of the Landsat historical dataset is a suitable option for generating consistent urban land maps across the years in semiarid environments. Teresina and Timon expanded, respectively, from 70.34 km2 and 12.20 km2 in 1985 to 159.02 km2 and 30.68 km2 in 2018, increasing annually at 3.05% and 3.69% averaged rate, showing an underlying tendency of continuous growth, and magnitude similar to Asian cities. The results of the urban fabric (UF) structures mapping demonstrates a high complexity of the urbanized surfaces, characterized by irregular shapes and variability of urban coverage. In 2019, the TTC metropolitan area was covered by urban land use classes as ceramic roofs, other types of roofs, and impervious surface, in the proportions of 28.02%, 11.97%, and 5.67%, respectively.

Abstract:

The formation of culture medium plays a crucial role in whether roofs greening could be succeeded or otherwise, particularly for completed buildings. In this study, waste fiber Tencel ®, low-melting point fiber (PET) and waste fiber (PET) are chosen to be laminated into a medium with 15 cm in its thickness due to reducing the load on the roof and culture soil; meanwhile, two kinds of herbaceous plants, Ruellia brittoniana Leonard and Alternanthera versicolor, are planted in order to regulate the improved adequacy of culture medium. The result of this empirical experiment indicates the life of herbaceous plants can be maintained in the improved culture medium, and the selective materials, manufacturing parameter along with layers of culture soil that undergo a series of tests, such as water permeability, moisture content and water retention. The evidence spontaneously bears out the fact that the waste fabric improved culture medium shares the identical eco-greening functionality as the traditional cultivated soil does; by doing so, not only the eco-appeal for utilization of waste and lightening the culture medium on the roof can be achieved, a benefic contribution could consequently be made to the improvement of urban greening.

Abstract:

Origanum dictamnus L. (Lamiaceae) is a perennial herb endemic to the Greek island of Crete, widely used for tea preparation, medicinal purposes, and food flavoring, as well as an ornamental plant. The aim of this work was to introduce the species to the green roof sector while serving urban agriculture. Thus, its growth potential was investigated, along with the content of nutrients (N, P, K, Na) and the accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Mn, Zn, Fe) in its tissues, in two cultivation sites in Athens, Greece, i.e., an extensive green roof and at ground level next to a moderate traffic road. Cultivation took place in plastic containers with a green roof infrastructure fitted, in two substrate types (grape marc compost, perlite, and pumice 3:3:4 v/v, and grape marc compost, perlite, pumice, and soil 3:3:2:2 v/v), with 10 cm depth. Plant growth was favored by the soil substrate, but it was also satisfactory in the soilless one. Cultivation site affected heavy metal accumulation, resulting in higher concentrations both in leaves and in flowers at street level, while no differences were observed in roots. Washing the tissues reduced heavy metal concentrations only in leaves produced at the street level. Substrate type significantly affected Mn concentration in all plant tissues and Fe in roots, with the highest values measured in the soil substrate. Thus, O. dictamnus could be effectively cultivated in sustainable green roofs, better on a soilless substrate to lower construction weight. Careful selection of the cultivation site could minimize contamination with environmental pollutants if human consumption is also desired.

Abstract:

L’objet de ce travail est l’évaluation du processus de vieillissement et de la durabilité des tissus techniques utilisés en ingénierie de construction. Deux types de tissu en polyester enduit de PVC ont été testés: VALMEX vieilli naturellement et AF9032 soumis au vieillissement accéléré. L'impact du processus de vieillissement a été observé en analysant les changements des valeurs des paramètres des modèles constitutifs: linéaire par morceaux, viscoélastique de Burgers et viscoplastique de Bodner-Partom. La comparaison de tissu VALMEX utilisé pendant 20 ans à l’Opéra de la Forêt à Sopot et du même tissu stocké à l’abri a montré que la matière, après 20 années de fonctionnement, a conservé ses propriétés mécaniques et pourrait être encore utilisée pendant plusieurs années. Le vieillissement dû aux conditions environnementales d’exploitation a provoqué une augmentation de la rigidité du revêtement (PVC), alors que la raideur des fibres en polyester est restée pratiquement inchangée. Le tissu AF9032 a été soumis au processus de vieillissement accéléré. Les échantillons de tissu ont été placés dans une chambre thermique à 80 et 90 °C durant 12 semaines. Les variations des paramètres des modèles constitutifs en fonction de temps de vieillissement ont pu être exprimées par des relations linéaires. Les résultats de vieillissement thermique accéléré ont été extrapolés d’après la méthode d’Arrhenius pour obtenir des valeurs correspondantes au vieillissement naturel. Pour les deux cas de vieillissement, les changements plus importants se sont produits dans la direction de la trame. Pour les fils de chaîne, les différences sont beaucoup plus petites et parfois négligeables
This thesis describes the investigation on the durability of technical fabrics that are commonly used as the constructional-covering material for engineering structures. Two types of polyester reinforced PVC coated fabrics have been subjected to the exploitation ageing (VALMEX fabric) and the artificial, laboratory ageing (AF9032 fabric). The influence of the ageing process has been presented as the parameters evolution of the following constitutive formulations: the piecewise, the viscoelastic Burgers and the viscoplastic Bodner-Partom models. The comparative analysis between two types of the VALMEX fabric (the material used for 20 years on the structure of the Forest Opera roof and the not used one – kept as a spare material) have been conducted. The obtained results have shown the very good performance of the material used outdoor and indicated that it could still work satisfactorily for the next several years. The accelerated ageing of the AF9032 fabric has been performed at the elevated temperature of 80°C and 90°C in a thermal chamber for up to 12 weeks. The achieved parameters values versus ageing time have been approximated by linear functions. The results of the thermal ageing have been extrapolated using the Arrhenius methodology. The both types of ageing have significant influence on the mechanical properties of the tested fabrics for the fill direction while the warp direction is free of this effect. As a result of the performed identifications the parameters of three constitutive models have been obtained. They can be implemented for the numerical simulation of the polyester reinforced PVC coated fabrics performance and help to predict their life span under service conditions

Abstract:

Architects throughout have been forced to practice design surrounded by a society that generally lacks of architectural awareness and interest. A growing trend to transition from a relatively isolated profession into a field that promotes stronger public involvement is critical for architecture to evolve. Within the past 10 years, the growth of architectural centers have begun to dissolve the barrier between the profession and the general public in that their primary function regardless of what form they represent, is to introduce and educate issues of architecture that are an inescapable part of our built environment.An investigation of architectural research institute precedents, would allow for opportunities to understand how they have engaged professional knowledge with a growing educated public opinion. Promoting the idea of similar functions locally to a skeptic public has to be based on the importance of change, where new technologies are consistently transforming the way we approach design problems. Introducing a variety of techniques to display information, which go beyond any two dimensional format into a three or four dimensional, more tactile, interactive medium, allowing the observer to become engaged in what they are learning is important for individuals to establish meaning. The facility itself would be a catalyst for learning in which design issues are presented and solutions are viewed by the viewer in a multi-sensory way.The ultimate goal would be able to establish a system of memory responses to allow the general public a better connection with architecture. Creating a center of information housed within a singular building would be a beneficial beginning but it is important to express that information beyond any static building into a contextual environment in which it can be further related with. Adding richness to public spaces that promote cases of good architectural design can be an example that would allow the absorption of concepts through participation. Eventually, the results would lead to more knowledgeable public input about how their built environment is viewed and encourage better design.

Abstract:

Copper hydroxide-treated surfaces are commonly used to control roots in horticultural production systems, although the particulars of Cu movement from the treated surface are largely unknown. The rate and temporal pattern of Cu mobility from in-ground Cu-treated growing baskets, and the fate of this Cu, was studied. In a field experiment involving Acer platanoides, an alternative Cu formulation consisting of Cu metal powder was determined to move slightly more slowly from the basket fabric than Cu(OH)2 over the first season while providing adequate root control. Addition of Glomus intraradices inoculum to the basket system increased the mobility of Cu metal and had no effect on Cu(OH) 2. This suggests that VAM fungi can actively solubilize Cu metal. These results also confirm that the chemistry of the Cu, possibly in addition to the chemistry of the resin, determines Cu movement from the treated surface. The fate of Cu from in-ground baskets planted with Acer jinnala was elucidated in a second field experiment. After one field season, the majority of Cu initially on the basket fabric had been deposited in the soil both in- and outside the basket. While Cu recovered in leachate represented only a tiny fraction of basket Cu, the concentration of Cu in leachate exceeded acceptable limits in the majority of samples. This indicates that the use of Cu(OH) 2-treated baskets in the field may have a negative impact on groundwater quality.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs) disposal is a problem for any municipality, for this reason the amount of sludge production is now a key issue in selecting treatment methods. It is necessary to investigate new applications for this waste type, due to the restrictions imposed by the environmental organs. The raw materials used in the Red Ceramic, are generally very heterogeneous, for this reason, such materials can tolerate the presence of different types of wastes. In Rio Grande do Norte, the roof tiles production corresponds to 60,61% from the total of ceramic units produced. Due to the importance of the ceramic industry of roof tiles for the state, allied to the environmental problem of the sludge disposal, this work had for objective to verify the possibility of the incorporation of sewage sludge in ceramic body used for production of roof tiles. In the research, sludge originating from drying beds of WTP of the Central Campus from UFRN and clays originating from a ceramic industry from Goianinha/RN were used. The raw materials were characterized by techniques of: analysis of particles distribution by diffraction to laser; real density; consistence limits; chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence; mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction; organic matter; and solids content. Five batches of roof tiles were manufactured in the approximate dosages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. To evaluate the properties of each final product, tests of water absorption, impermeability, bending strength, leachability and solubility were accomplished. The roof tiles manufactured with sludge presented characteristics similar to the roof tiles without sludge in relation to the environmental risk. The results showed that it is possible to use approximately up to 4% of sludge in ceramic bodies for production of roof tiles. However, it is observed that the high amount of organic matter (71%) present in the sludge is shown as factor that limits the sludge incorporation in ceramic bodies, worsening the quality of the roof tiles. It is necessary the use of mixtures of different raw materials under point of view of the granulometry and of the other chemical and mineralogical properties for the obtaining of a satisfactory mass to the production of ceramic roof tiles
A disposi??o de lodo de Esta??es de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETEs) ? um problema para qualquer municipalidade, por isso a quantidade de lodo produzido ? hoje um assunto fundamental na sele??o de m?todos de tratamento. Faz-se necess?rio investigar novas aplica??es para esse tipo de res?duo, face ?s restri??es impostas pelos ?rg?os ambientais. As mat?rias-primas utilizadas na Cer?mica Vermelha, em geral, s?o muito heterog?neas, por isso podem tolerar a presen?a de tipos diferentes de res?duos. No Rio Grande do Norte, a produ??o de telhas corresponde a 60,61% do total de pe?as cer?micas produzidas. Dada a import?ncia da ind?stria cer?mica de telhas para o estado, aliada ? problem?tica ambiental da disposi??o de lodo, este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a possibilidade da incorpora??o de lodo de esgotos em massa cer?mica utilizada para fabrica??o de telhas. Foram utilizados na pesquisa lodo proveniente dos leitos de secagem da ETE do Campus Central da UFRN e argilas provenientes de uma ind?stria cer?mica de Goianinha/RN. As mat?rias-primas foram caracterizadas por t?cnicas de: an?lise de distribui??o de part?culas por difra??o ? laser; densidade real; limites de consist?ncia; an?lise qu?mica por fluoresc?ncia de raios X; an?lise mineral?gica por difra??o de raios X; mat?ria org?nica; e teor de s?lidos. Foram fabricados cinco lotes de telhas nas dosagens aproximadas de 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% e 10%. Para avaliar as propriedades de cada produto final, foram realizados ensaios de absor??o de ?gua, impermeabilidade, carga de ruptura ? flex?o, lixivia??o e solubiliza??o. As telhas fabricadas com lodo apresentaram caracter?sticas semelhantes ?s telhas sem lodo no que diz respeito ao risco ambiental. Os resultados mostraram que ? poss?vel utilizar aproximadamente at? 4% de lodo em massas cer?micas para fabrica??o de telhas. Contudo, observa-se que a elevada quantidade de mat?ria org?nica (71%) presente no lodo mostra-se como fator limitante na incorpora??o de lodo em massas cer?micas, comprometendo a qualidade das telhas. Destaca-se a necessidade de utiliza??o de misturas de diferentes mat?rias-primas do ponto de vista granulom?trico e das outras propriedades qu?micas e mineral?gicas para a obten??o de uma massa satisfat?ria ? produ??o de telhas cer?micas

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AbstractUrban Internet of Things (IoT) is in an early speculative phase. Often linked to the smart city movement, it provides a way of sensing and collecting data—environmental, societal, and transitional—both automatically, remotely, and with increasing levels of spatial and temporal detail. From city-wide data collection down to the scale of individual buildings and rooms, this chapter details the technology behind the rise of IoT in urban areas and explores the challenges (societal and technical) behind city-wide deployments. Drawing from a series of deployments at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London, it details the challenges and opportunities for mass data collection. Widening out the view, it looks at what is becoming known as “the humble lamp post” in Urban IoT fields to detail the potential of Urban IoT with the objects that already form part of the urban fabric. Finally, it examines the potential of Urban IoT for input into urban modeling and how we are on the edge of a shift in the collection, analysis, and communication of urban data.

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Cities are more sustainable when their urban structures are designed to work within the natural environment. Cities have increasingly adopted policies that either mandate or create incentives for buildings to be “green” and for infrastructure to have low impact. Green buildings feature green roofs, green walls, recycled and recyclable materials, and renewable energy systems. Life-cycle assessments are a more holistic way to determine the sustainability of urban structures, taking into consideration the production, functional life, and the disposal of materials used in the construction of buildings. Technological innovations make it possible for zero-net goals to be achieved. New approaches to water resource management, such as the development of “sponge cities” as a critical infrastructure for flood control and mitigation, illustrate how hardscapes within the urban fabric can have low impact and contribute to net gains.

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This book began by stating that histories of religious architecture can be accounts of both buildings and people. This particular history, focused on the archaeological evidence for the development of cult buildings in early central Italy, has reconsidered traditional narratives about the form and function of Etrusco-Italic religious architecture and proposed an alternative reconstruction of how their architects and audiences may have interacted with one another in Rome, Latium, and Etruria between the ninth and the sixth centuries BC. Comparison with the construction of monumental temples elsewhere also indicated that settlements including Rome, Satricum, Pyrgi, and Tarquinia can perhaps be considered part of a network of Archaic Mediterranean settlements with material, commercial, and religious connections, and that monumental architecture may have been a mechanism for successful social interaction. This study has therefore supported the suggestion that the physical and social fabric of ancient communities were closely linked, and that regional studies of Latium and Etruria may furthermore benefit from being set in Italic and Mediterranean contexts. This concluding chapter briefly recapitulates the arguments made in the main body of the book and the significance of each of those arguments for studies of ancient architecture and society. It also assesses how these findings relate to broader debates about Archaic Italy. Finally, it acknowledges the limitations of this analysis and highlights opportunities for future research. Part I of this book demonstrated that ancient religious architecture was a protean phenomenon. Three chapters analysed the ambiguous evidence for Iron Age sacred huts, the range of different buildings types associated with ritual activities in the seventh century BC, and the emergence of a separate architectural language for religious buildings during the Archaic period. Detailed analyses of foundations and roofs revealed that as changes in technology and society led to the widespread use of more permanent building materials, the physical fabric of central Italic settlements was also increasingly marked by the use of particular architectural forms and decorations to differentiate cult buildings from other structures, setting them apart in a form of architectural consecration.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">PVC (polyvinylchloride) synthetic leather or called leatherette is being widely used for automotive interior applications for seat cover, gear boot, gap hider, steering wheel and roof liner due to their leather like feel and texture, flexibility, sewability, affordability, and wide design freedom. However, the leatherette construction such as top coating, backing fabric and fabric weaving pattern plays a critical role in the finished leatherette performance for the specific application. This study provides the influence of different coating material and different backing fabric in squeak behavior of gear boot PVC leatherette. The squeak behavior was studied by stick slip test as per automotive engineering requirements, and the response of these coating and fabric surface was measured in the form of Risk Priority Number (RPN).</div></div>

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With most growth in urban population happening primarily through informal urbanisation, it is vital to identify cost effective measures for improving the often-poor housing conditions, which can have adverse health impacts on large parts of the population. The aim of this research is to investigate the indoor environmental conditions of self-constructed houses in low-income informal settlements in Lima, Peru, before and after implementing fabric retrofit strategies. Data loggers were placed in a family house in the informal settlement of José Carlos Mariátegui in Lima, measuring internal temperature and humidity at hourly intervals for two years. At the start of the second year the house underwent fabric improvement measures and particular roof insulation, following the recommendations of a calibrated dynamic thermal model. The results presented in the paper compare internal temperatures before and after retrofit as well as the modelling predictions. Overall, the measured data reveal the extreme indoor temperatures occupants are experiencing daily and the impact roof insulation has on these, with the modelling output predicting the reduction in daily peak internal temperature up to 3-5°C, and the measured data indicating an average of about 5°C on site, during warm months. The application of roof insulation on these self-constructed homes can be carried out by community members and was shown to be a cost- effective measure, accounting between 5-10% of the total cost if it was to be implemented at the start of the construction process.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Determining occupant kinematics in a vehicle crash is essential when understanding injury mechanisms and assessing restraint performance. Identifying contact marks is key to the process. This study was conducted to assess the ability to photodocument the various fluids on different vehicle interior component types and colors with and without the use of ultraviolet (UV) lights.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Biological (blood, saliva, sweat and skin), consumable and chemical fluids were applied to vehicle interior components, such as seatbelt webbing, seat and airbag fabrics, roof liner and leather steering wheel. The samples were photodocumented with natural light and UV light (365 nm) exposure immediately after surface application and again 14 days later.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The review of the photos indicated that fabric type and color were important factors. The fluids deposits were better visualized on non-porous than porous materials. For example, blood was better documented on curtain airbags than side or driver airbags. Blood and chemical fluids were more difficult to document on black than beige seatbelt webbing, while skin showed better on black webbing. Biological fluids were better detected with UV light. The visual presentation did not change substantially between initial and follow-up documentation with and without UV light. Fluids and components with luminescent properties were also factors.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This study provides a photodocumentation summary of biological and other fluids on vehicle interior components. In conclusion, UV light exposure was helpful in highlighting some fluid deposits during crash investigation. While UV illumination provided additional insight, further investigation is necessary to discriminate and differentiate fluids present.</div></div>

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<p>The design of specific infrastructures in relationship with their landscapes is a constant challenge, to achieve public acceptance through a harmonious integration. In the last three decades, we chose to work on this topic over a geographical, and technical point of view. This design path is explained over four different projects, in various contexts and at different scales– where consistent attention to the city, landscape, fabric and structural behavior subtly combines into specific designs: how asymmetry orientates the project in Bordeaux; the meeting of two districts over the railways in La Rochelle; a viaduct that offers an urban roof in Paris neighborhood; and a dialog between city and landscape in Linz (Austria).</p>

Abstract:

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In this study, an optimized structure for opening the headlining considering the deployment of the face-to-face roof airbag was studied. It was confirmed that the deployment performance differs depending on the skin of the headlining, and a standardized structure with mass production was proposed.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Non-woven fabric and Tricot skin, which are economical and high-end specifications, satisfy the performance of PVC fusion application specifications after cutting 80% of the skin. The structure that satisfies the entire body including the knit specifications is a type that separates the roof airbag area piece, the corresponding soft piece is separated, and the deployment performance is satisfied with safety. Therefore, the structure is proposed as a standardized structure.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This structure is expected to be applicable to roof DAB (Driver Airbag), PAB (Passenger Airbag), and Sunroof Airbag, which will be necessary technologies to secure indoor space. Regardless of which area the airbag will be applied to, and which area the headlining skin specifications will be selected by the customer, it can be applied only if the mounting bracket conditions are satisfied. A patent will be applied for the structure to secure intellectual property rights.</div></div>

Abstract:

This paper examines the issue of renovation of buildings in the urban fabric of older central cities. It does so with a the case study of one such building. The building under study is a church that was originally constructed in the early 1900's and was in use into the eighties. Since then, building has been abandoned and fallen into disrepair. The building was renovated for use as a cultural arts and performance center for small user groups. It was an unreinforced masonry building with many structural defects that had to be overcome before any use could be made of the structure. The foundations in the basement were badly deteriorating. It had high spaces with tall unreinforced masonry walls and a truss roof that was in distress.

Abstract:

The scenic plaza mayor shares with the theater organisms some formative characters, since they both derive from a transformation, by knotting, of pre-existing buildings and fabrics. This architectural transformation is generated, at the beginning, by a change in the modalities of using public space. As for the corral de comedias, the process is due to the sedentarization of the theatrical practice, which abandons the itinerant dimension of the street to move inside the buildings (such as private homes and palaces). The original corral de comedias was in fact set up inside an open place that could be covered, and this feature became permanent over time, creating a new building type. Similarly, since the sixteenth century, squares became the fundamental location of Spanish civic life as well as they hosted all sorts of political, religious and festive representations, but also the venue of executions. For this purpose, namely to allow people to watch such events, the squares were transformed, by raising temporary walls and walkways. In some cases, like Tembleque and San Carlos del Valle, they began to realize permanent continuous balconies, with solutions that seem to have followed the same morphological evolution of corrales de comedias. In both cases it was necessary to unify different elements (buildings or rooms) and connect them to each other, through a process of “knotting”, in order to create a new organism. Over time the physiognomy of the spaces, originally open, assumed the permanent characters of a new type, closed and similar to the courtyard of a “palazzo”.

Abstract:

A common way of driving the camshafts of an internal combustion engine is by synchronous belt. One of the major drawbacks is their limited durability. Several failure modes may appear. This paper considers land area wear failures. The area between two teeth on a synchronous belt is called the land area. Most of the semicircular belt profiles, used in automotive cambelt drives today, have a small backlash, i.e. the pulley groove is a little wider than the belt tooth. This allows for a relative motion between belt and pulley teeth. In a cambelt drive, in which torques are oscillating, this is the case. The movement causes wear to the land area that eventually will lead to breakage of the facing fabric, forcing the belt-pulley contact to run on the belt cord which will quickly lead to belt failure. This paper describes a method to detect the wear of land areas of synchronous belts. From surface topology measurements of the land areas at different wear stages, well-known roughness parameters are used to determine the degree of wear. The roughness parameters variations are explained by a physical wear procedure. In addition to this formerly known land area wear originating from complete meshing, another wear mechanism was discovered present near the tooth roots. The newly discovered land area wear type can be explained by seating and unseating effects.

Abstract:

Abstract The Inflatable Tubular Structure (ITS) airbag is a potentially life-saving device that has been implemented recently in some luxury passenger vehicles. When deployed, the ITS-airbag provides primarily protection of the front seat occupant’s head and face against upper side-interior car components. In the current research, a nonlinear Finite Element (FE) model for ITS-airbag system was proposed, developed, and tested in a side impact using dummy-head and neck FE model. The modeling technique of the unique behavior of the outer layer of the ITS-airbag is explained in details. Modeling such a complicated behavior of the ITS (axial shrinkage and radial expansion) was successfully performed by using a combination of diagonal truss elements combined with an isotropic fabric material. Nonlinear FE side-impact simulations for a Hybrid-III dummy-head and neck model impacting a vehicle’s side glassing, roof-rail, and B-pillar using the ITS airbag system were conducted using the explicit FE code LS-DYNA. The developed ITS model has reduced the Head Injury Criteria (HIC) and the peak-acceleration of the dummy-head significantly. The results indicated the ability of the developed finite element model to represent the real ITS airbag system and therefore provide a reliable nonlinear FE simulation results that could be used to test, improve, and validate the implementation of the ITS airbag systems in more vehicles.